The Process to Ensuring Equality between Men and Women

The process to ensuring equality between men and women started a few decades back. However, despite the steps taken towards equality, we are still far from been able to say that equality exist regarding women right to gain entrance to all spheres of society (Fabrega, 2009). Women experience stronger boundaries and thus depend on various techniques for advancement and pay contrary to those of their male colleagues (Lyness and Thompson, 2000). Also, women are often discriminated in different forms such as wage gaps, lack of promotion, sexual harassment, career development opportunities denial and job segregation. Bartol, 2003; Cleveland, 2000; Powell, 2003 asserted in their research on gender and management, that the issue of women in management have become polarized or marginalized. In other words, it can be said that there is a glass ceiling preventing women from career advancement. This is because in our present day world, women are been stereotyped as not been capable to take hig h level position (professors, managers, Engineers). Therefore, this paper will explore the workplace barriers that women face in areas such as pay gap and promotion particularly in higher education. Brief Overview of Glass Ceiling The concept of the ‘Glass ceiling’ was enacted into the US system in 1979. Glass ceiling is a term that symbolizes the boundaries confronted by women and minorities as they try to improve their employment status. Numerous studies affirmed that in other to beShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Female Voters Identification With The Political System1382 Words   |  6 Pageswith the political system – and in turn, their sense of being able to influence the decision-making process, making their participation worthwhile. 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Gender Scripts InRead MoreStereotypes1401 Words   |  6 PagesThose who deny biological advantages for either sex are flying in the face of scientific evidence (Moir and Moir 2000, p118.) Ensuring equality between men and women is taking on a new appearance. As we mature as a culture and continue to strive for the rights of citizens to become truly equal in the social context of our lives, regardless of race or gender (religion has a lot further to go in this area), we are presented with new obstacles to overcome. Sure, as adult citizens we may feel that there

What´s a Literature Review Essays - 1818 Words

Introduction A literature review is a study written by someone on a specific topic by researching relevant literature available and interpreting it (Aveyard, 2010). A research question is developed and by using relevant literature the question is analysed in detail (Aveyard, 2010). The literature review is important because it gives you a shorter version of all relevant literature on the topic chosen, this is so the reader does not have to access the number of literatures used (Aveyard, 2010). The writer will conduct a literature review on the following hypotheses: Urban Art is reducing illegal graffiti at Albion station, this is followed by the research question: Is urban art at Albion station reducing illegal graffiti? In the†¦show more content†¦Drug lords use this to impersonate political parties and their campaign (Salopek, 2011). This form of graffiti and how it is used is different compared to the Egyptian times, the Egyptians graffiti consisted of markings or drawings on rocks and walls, an example is seen on temple walls where Egyptians and travellers have made their marks, this wall is as long as the Nile (Gopnik (2011). History of graffiti is seen all over the world in Australia graffiti go back to 1905 where Aboriginal carvings in caves and stone where found these carvings helped to tell the story of the people who had lived in that area (Winchester, Davidson, O’Brien, 1996). The first signs of graffiti in New York were people from a low privileged background trying to voice the boundaries between race and class (Gopnik (2011). In Libya graffiti was used to express freedom, it was used to voice forbidden thoughts in public but today graffiti is less about politics and religion and more about personal style and art (Gopnik (2011). Today makers, pens, paint and the most popular material, spray paint, are used to do graffiti. It is more about looking good and artistic self-expression, it can include drawings and words that some people may call art and some may call it vandalism (Gopnik (2011). 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This chapter will provide information and background on my chosen topic and explain why it is currently relevant. Furthermore is will also explain the aims and objectives of the literature review. 1.1. Background and rationale This chapter will provide information and backgroundRead MoreWhat Factors Are Involved in the Increasing Prevalence of Type II Diabetes in Adolescents living in Sub-Saharan Africa?1279 Words   |  6 Pagespredispose these individuals to development of type II diabetes early in life. Type II diabetes has numerous significant effects that can affect the quality of life of an individual which could successively affect the economy of a nation. PRELIMINARY LITERATURE REVIEW The prevalence of type II diabetes is rising and was estimated globally to be 285 million by 2010. Type II diabetes is managed by prescription of drugs to individuals who have a very high level of blood glucose. 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As I understand it from my reading and the reviewers’ comments, the aim of this manuscript is to provide a systematic review of criticality in the managementRead MoreHow to Write a Thesis Proposal1055 Words   |  5 Pagesordinary terms, your proposal explains what you want to study, how you will study this topic, and why this topic needs to be studied. PARTS OF THE THESIS PROPOSAL TITLE †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ State the tentative title of your proposal. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The title should give a clear indication of the topic being studied. EXAMPLE: From the thesis of Kimberly Manabat BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ It is in this section that you will orient the reader to the problem you seek to solve. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ What is the aim of your study. EXAMPLE:

Animal Farm Squealer free essay sample

Literature Honors 15 August 2012 Squealer In the book Animal Farm, by George Orwell, there were many animals that were concerned about self-preservation. Of these characters Squealer was the most concerned. Squealer is a pig that lives on Animal Farm and is held as a figure of high authority. Besides the farms leader Comrade Napoleon, Squealer has the biggest role of leadership on the farm. There are many ways that Squealer shows his concern of self-preservation. Squealer is very often encouraging the animals to support Napoleon and follow his rules.He uses his authority to threaten animals into doing what he wants. At times, Squealer tricks the animals into believing that the things he is doing will benefit them when in the end they don’t. Squealer shows his concern of self-preservation by taking actions to keep power and protect himself. The most important thing that Squealer does to show that he is concerned about self-preservation is that he supports everything that Napoleon says or does. By doing this Squealer knows that Napoleon will protect him.He sees that if he shows strong support for Comrade Napoleon and encourages the other animals to support him too, then Napoleon will protect him and give him perks such as sleeping in beds and drinking alcohol. When the animals are upset with a decision that Comrade Napoleon makes Squealer says, â€Å"No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be only too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be? † (Orwell 59).Although Squealer may not believe that what he is saying is true, he knows that if he says that Napoleon will continue to watch over him. After a while, the animals on the farm started to fully trust Comrade Napoleon. At this point Boxer, a horse on the farm, started to live by the motto â€Å"If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right† (Orwell 81). This was a sign that Squealer was succeeding at convincing the animals that Napoleon was the best leader. In addition to supporting Napoleon, Squealer uses the authority earned in negative ways towards the animals living on the farm.Since he is smart and can read and write he is automatically a person of high authority. Comrade Napoleon uses Squealer as his messenger and spy. â€Å"Afterwards Squealer was sent round the farm to explain the new arrangements to the others† (Orwell 59). Once Squealer decides to team up with Napoleon the animals become afraid of him. â€Å"The animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further questions† (Orwell 62).The animals are scared of Napoleon because he makes all the rules and can do whatever he wants without consequences. â€Å"Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of disapproval, and all of them sprang to their feet and began speaking at once. But suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep, menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again. † (Orwell 59) When Squealer convinces the animals on the Animal Farm that their former leader was a spy, who was working for Mr.Jones, it helps build the trust they have in Squealer and Napoleon. The animals on the farm are treated with much less respect than Squealer, the other pigs, and Napoleon; because of this these other animals seem to believe whatever the smarter animals say. When the animals questioned why the pigs could stay in the house but they couldn’t Squealer replied, â€Å"that the pigs, who were the brains of the farm, should have a quiet place to work in† (Orwell 69).All of the things that he is doing help him stay on good terms with Napoleon and protect himself from the other animal s. Since the majority of the animals on the farm are not very smart it is easy for them to be tricked into things that will in the end only benefit the other pigs. â€Å"At the foot of the end wall of the big barn, where the Seven Commandments were written, there lay a ladder broken in two pieces. Squealer, temporarily stunned, was sprawling beside it, and near at hand there lay a lantern, a paint-brush, and an overturned pot of white paint† (Orwell 102).He had been changing the Seven Commandments so that they fit the lifestyle that Napoleon wanted to live. â€Å"They had thought that the Fifth Commandment was, â€Å"No animal shall drink alcohol,† but there were two words that they had forgotten. Actually the Commandment read; â€Å"No animal shall drink alcohol to excess† (Orwell 103). This Commandment really only applies to the pigs because they were the only ones who can access alcohol. After almost all of the Commandments had been altered Clover notices the wall was ooking different and asked Benjamin to read it for her. â€Å"He read out to her what was written on the wall. There was nothing there now except a single Commandment. It ran Squealer shows his concern about self-preservation by using authority against the animals, encouraging the animals to follow Napoleon, and tricking the animals into believing him. All of the things that he does on the farm are to build trust with the animals, especially Comrade Napoleon. Throughout the events of the book Squealer’s intelligence helps him. It might come off like Squealer is just greedy for power but gaining power and taking charge is his way of protecting himself from animals on the farm or other strangers who come to Animal Farm.

The Irony Of Liberation Essay Example For Students

The Irony Of Liberation Essay Though this paper had a few punctuation problems, I made a B+ on it and this is a sophmore level class. The Irony of LiberationWhen the liberators came, they came with hope of eliminating the torture and inhumanity the Nazi Germans were imposing on the Jews. Men and women came with the hope of releasing victims from the evil claw that had grasped Jews for so long. Some liberators came with the idea that the Jews would be given a new life, a life of freedom. However, freedom was far from what Jews were given after liberation. To the many Jews, who stood on the other side of the barbed wire fence, liberation was not a time to celebrate. Yet, it was a time to try to pick up what particles of life that remained. As Lucille Eichengreen explains in her testimonial story of liberation day, liberation was not about freedom. It was expected that there would be casualties of war. U.S and Russian army men had seen victims of war before, RO and nothing could be shocking. Or could it? As army men approached the barbed wire fences, many gasped in horror, turned their heads, and some men became sick. With their fingers ringed tightly around metal threads, Jewish souls stood, gazing at young healthy men. Empty eyes gazed back at these young and healthy bodies, bodies that were an inadvertent insult to the half-living. Time was motionless at one moment, and fast-forwarded the next. After all that had happened, were these victims really free? Was it a time to celebrate? Where would they go now? Who would take them? Much less, who would believe that such inhumanity happened? The looks received by nurses were not looks that showed sympathy, nor compassion, but instead offered back the images of Nazi ideology; the idea that Jews were filthy, weak and feeble people. And they were, but not by their own free will. We will write a custom essay on The Irony Of Liberation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Though color seemed to be restored as liberators approached, it also brought back the color of emotions. For so long, Jews had numbed themselves to the atrocities they faced each day. Being free now meant looking for remnants of life. For many, liberation was simply a reminder of all that was lost. Eichengreen explains, Despite our liberation, I was totally without hope (340). There were those who thought of their loved ones who fell victim to the wrath of Hitlers final solution. While others, especially children wondered who would care for them. Many felt guilty that they survived and their friends and family did not. For many, liberation was not an immediate invitation to a new life. Recalling liberation day, Eichgreen says, I had dreamed of a great party, with fanfare, music, dancing and fireworks. There was, however, only renewed sorrow for the dead and little hope for the living(342). Those who found the strength to journey back home were hit even harder by former neighbors. As former Jewish residents came home, many were told to leave, despite the liberation. There were also those less fortunate, who had no home to return to, known as Displaced Persons. Along with the displaced persons, lived Nazi sympathizers, who routinely practiced anti-Semitic behaviors. So again, the question arises: Were the Jews really liberated?Though all may have seemed lost, one must keep in mind that the Jews are survivors. And survive is what they did. Just shortly after liberation, Jewish strangers were marrying, children were born and life prevailed. Though Jewish people will never be liberated from the nightmares of Hitlers reign, perhaps the ability to replenish life through new birth, will. BibliographyImages from The Holocaust: A Literature AnthologyJean E. Brown, Elainw C. Stephens, Janet E. Rubin

Writing Lyrics for Songs

Writing Lyrics for Songs Writing Lyrics for Songs Writing Lyrics for Songs By Michael It used to be that when people thought of songwriting, they didnt think of great writing. Then Bob Dylan won the Nobel Prize for literature. Dylan wasnt the first songwriter whose work has been respected by literary critics. You might be surprised how much ancient poetry was originally written to be sung. From certain vanished cultures, songs are the only literature that has survived. Before the invention of mass media technology, songs were the mass media the original news media. So if youre a songwriter, be proud. You have a distinguished and honorable heritage. Writing poetry or verse is good training for any writer. The discipline of a poetic structure teaches you rhythm and beat, which is part of language itself, as texture is part of paint. Yes, we all dislike limits to our creativity. But occasionally having to fit your writing into a rhyme or a meter doesnt hamper your creativity, it can enhance it. Dont you sometimes have trouble thinking of the next word to write? But once you know that word needs to rhyme with stone, or that it needs to begin with an unaccented syllable and end with an accented syllable, it might become easier to find the word. Even if you would never consider yourself a songwriter, in some ways writing song lyrics is better training than simply writing poetry or verse. Remember you dont need to be a musician to write the lyrics to a song. Someone else can write the music. But when you write poetry to be sung, you benefit from a stricter discipline and get a better education in writing. The school of lyrics When you write poetry that isnt meant to be heard (and most poetry should be heard), you can easily escape some of the discipline that you are supposed to be learning from. Personally, I cant tell if Im following the right metrical scheme unless I read what Im writing out loud. But if I have to sing it, the melody enforces the rhythm. It forces me to limit the number of syllables in the line, just as Im supposed to. Theres still room for flexibility, as I call it, or cheating, as you may call it. If you are an experienced singer, maybe you can slip in extra syllables or stretch out a syllable to make the words fit the tune. But another singer might not be able to do it so smoothly nor may they want to. If you want to write a song that is sung widely, even by the public, Im afraid you need to make the syllables fit neatly with the tune. This hard limit of so many syllables per line can drive a lyricist to frustration or possibly to jazz. Jazz is one musical tradition that welcomes improvisation and therefore welcomes longer line lengths. But again, irregular rhythms are harder to memorize, which is why few people sing John Coltrane on the way to work or school. While other writers can write longer sentences, paragraphs or chapters whenever they want, a lyricist may have to fit his or her thoughts into lines of ten words, or verses of four (not three) lines. I have been writing songs for most of my life, but the challenge of fitting words into a limited line makes me very slow. I can rarely fit a complete thought in one line; I frequently cant fit a single thought in a single verse. I wrote a Christmas song of five verses at the rate of one verse a year. Words and music Which comes first: the lyrics or the melody? That depends on the songwriter. The Broadway musical team of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II wrote lyrics first, then music. Same with pop star Elton John and Bernie Taupin, his lyricist. But other songwriters, such as Paul Simon, usually start with the melody. Sometimes the lyrics and the melody are created together, in a jam session or a recording studio. Early in their career, John Lennon and Paul McCartney of the Beatles would write eyeball to eyeball as Lennon put it. Competing with each other helped their songs and hurt their relationship. In â€Å"track and hook† songwriting, a producer records basic elements such as the rhythm and chord progression and sends out the recording to â€Å"top line writers† who add other elements, such the hook, verses, chorus or bridge. For Gilbert and Sullivan of light opera fame, W.S. Gilbert would send lyrics to Arthur Sullivan by mail, as I recall. Sullivan would open the envelope, read the lyrics, then go for a walk, no doubt humming to himself. By the time he returned from his walk, he would have a tune fixed in his mind. Tips for writing lyrics Live songs dont rewind. Unlike readers of a book, listeners at a concert who didnt catch a word or a line cant go back a page and re-read the part of the song they missed. In his article 24 lyric-writing tips, Chris Wickett says, Remember that the listeners might miss a word, or a line, or three. Dont rely on just one small line to put the whole song in context. Dont over-rhyme. Structure is good, but too many rhymes can sound cutesy or annoying. A song can tolerate slant rhymes better than it can tolerate missing syllables. Be short, simple, and sweet. Graham English calculates that Bruce Springsteens Born to Run album averages 281 words per song. The Beatles’ Abbey Road averages 102 and Let It Be averages 139. Be specific, be intimate, be concrete. Andrea Stolpe who teaches songwriting at Berklee Online and the University of Southern California, says, Bring your listener into an experience of a small moment. Tell a story that shows your heart. You dont need to be profound. Jesse Sterling Harrison advises lyricists to be just slightly enigmatic. Nor do you need to be grandiose. No! I am not Frank Sinatra, nor was meant to be. Dont rush yourself. Rod Stewart says, Ill come up with one line in a day, and then it might be a couple of days before I come up with the rhyming line. Accept criticism but dont be too critical. Your lyric wont be instantly perfect, but if you can take advice, you can improve faster. Be quiet. James Taylor told NPRs Noah Adams, I think songs need to come out of really, out of a state of boredom almost as much as anything else. You need to have empty time in order to receive them. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?225 Foreign Phrases to Inspire YouWhat’s the Best Way to Refer to a Romantic Partner?

Fiji Geography Information

Fiji Geography Information Population: 944,720 (July 2009 estimate)Capital: SuvaArea: 7,055 square miles (18,274 sq km)Coastline: 702 miles (1,129 km)Highest Point: Mount Tomanivi at 4,344 feet (1,324 m)Fiji, officially called the Republic of the Fiji Islands, is an island group located in Oceania between Hawaii and New Zealand. Fiji is made up of 332 islands and only 110 are inhabited. Fiji is one of the most developed Pacific Islands and has a strong economy based on mineral extraction and agriculture. Fiji is also a popular tourist destination because of its tropical landscape and it is fairly easy to get to from the western United States and Australia. Fijis History Fiji was first settled about 3,500 years ago by Melanesian and Polynesian settlers. Europeans did not arrive on the islands until the 19th century but upon their arrival, many wars broke out between the various native groups on the islands. After one such war in 1874, a Fijian tribal chief named Cakobau ceded the islands to the British which officially began British colonialism in Fiji. Under British colonialism, Fiji experienced the growth of plantation agriculture. Native Fijian traditions were also for the most part maintained. During World War II soldiers from Fiji joined the British and the Allies in battles at the Solomon Islands.On October 10, 1970, Fiji officially became independent. Following its independence, there were hostilities around how Fiji would be governed and in 1987 a military coup took place to prevent an Indian-led political party from taking power. Shortly thereafter, there were ethnic hostilities in the country and stability was not retained until the 1990s.In 1998, Fiji adopted a new constitution that specified that its government would be run by a multiracial cabinet and in 1999, Mahendra Chaudhry, Fijis first Indian prime minister took office. Ethnic hostilities continued, however, and in 2000 armed soldiers staged another governmental coup which eventually caused an election in 2001. In September of that year, Laisenia Qarase was sworn a s Prime Minister with a cabinet of ethnic Fijians. In 2003 however, Qarases government was declared unconstitutional and there was an attempt to once again install a multiethnic cabinet. In December of 2006, Qarase was removed from office and Jona Senilagakali was appointed as the interim prime minister. In 2007, Frank Bainimarama became prime minister after Senilagakali resigned and he brought more military power into Fiji and refused democratic elections in 2009.In September 2009, Fiji was removed from the Commonwealth of Nations because this act failed to put the country on track to forming a democracy. Government of Fiji Today Fiji is considered a republic with a chief of state and head of government. It also has a bicameral Parliament that is made up of a 32-seat Senate and a 71-seat House of Representatives. 23 of the House seats are reserved for ethnic Fijians, 19 for ethnic Indians and three for other ethnic groups. Fiji also has a judicial branch that is comprised of a Supreme Court, a Court of Appeal, a High Court, and Magistrates Courts. Economica and Land Use In Fiji Fiji has one of the strongest economies of any Pacific island nation because it is rich in natural resources and is a popular tourist destination. Some of Fijis resources include forest, mineral and fish resources. Industry in Fiji is largely based on tourism, sugar, clothing, copra, gold, silver and lumber. In addition, agriculture is a large part of Fijis economy and its chief agricultural products are sugarcane, coconuts, cassava, rice, sweet potatoes, bananas, cattle, pigs, horses, goats, and fish. Geography and Climate of Fiji The country of Fiji is spread across 332 islands in the South Pacific Ocean and is located closest to Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. Much of Fijis terrain is varied and its islands consist mainly of small beaches and mountains with a volcanic history. The two largest islands that are a part of Fiji are Viti Levu and Vanua Levu.Fijis climate is considered tropical marine and therefore has a mild climate. It does have some slight seasonal variations and tropical cyclones are common and typically occur in the region between November and January. On March 15, 2010, a large cyclone struck Fijis northern islands. More Facts About Fiji Fijis official languages are English, Fijian, and HindiThe literacy rate in Fiji is 93%Ethnic Fijians make up 57% of Fijis population while Indo-Fijians make up 37% References Central Intelligence Agency. (2010, March 4). CIA - the World Factbook - Fiji. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.htmlInfoplease. (n.d.). Fiji: History, Geography, Government, Culture -Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/country/fiji.htmlUnited States Department of State. (2009, December). Fiji (12/09). Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1834.htm

Within strategic management of business, 'gap analysis' is the process Essay

Within strategic management of business, 'gap analysis' is the process of asking where are we now, where do we want to be - Essay Example At the corporate level, there are challenges from the rival companies, unpredictability of the market, dynamic consumer behaviour, etc. Moreover, political situation of the twenty-first century involves the working of complex democracies together with dynamic economic trends. The recent wave of economic slowdown has helped us to discern the importance of strategy setting and analysis in the context of corporate governance. Strategic management is thus increasingly involving an analytical approach to understand what a company actually does in relation to what it can potentially do. Executive Summary Gap analysis is the process of exploring certain questions in relation to the company’s present, potential and future performances. The paper will examine analytical instrument by interrelating it with the concepts of the strategic management of business. Strategic management and gap analysis are explained. Interrelations between the two processes are chalked out. Case examples are discussed to elucidate these interrelations. The Analytical and Strategic Approaches Introduction: The following discussion would explain and analyse gap analysis and strategic management. Discussion: In economics and business, gap analysis is a sort of tool which would help a corporation to compare its real time performance with the performance it is potentially capable of. This analytical approach is rather question answer based and from the perspective of the company, the questions are: 1. Where are we now? 2. Where do we want to be? 3. How can we get there? Gap analysis helps the company to obtain critical information so that the frontiers of production probabilities are not compromised (Cummins, 2008). The sphere of strategic management, on the other hand, deals with the principle emergent and intended initiations taken in the context of corporate governance which would involve resource allocation and utilisation, performance enhancement and adjustment with the external environ ments (Nag, Hambrick and Chen, 2007). Further, strategic management would refine the company affairs at the level of fierce corporate rivalry (Hamel and Prahalad, 1994). Summary: 1. Discussion on gap analysis 2. Discussion on strategic management Relation between Strategic Management and Gap Analysis Introduction: The following section explores that how gap analysis facilitates the implementation of the concepts of strategic management. Discussion: The main points of strategic management are: 1. Process of strategy development 2. Linking strategic capabilities with the external environment 3. Strategically designing the management, production and marketing processes 4. Optimisation of fiscal performance (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2008) Gap analysis helps the process of strategy development by finding out the difference between the company’s present and potential performances. Gap analysis thus facilitates strategic improvement of HR, R&D, logistics, etc. Gap analysis also relates to the company’s behaviour with respect to the external environment by monitoring its performance in the contemporary circumstances. Gap analysis considers all the processes and project life cycles involved in the functionary of the organisation, hence it helps to improve the management, production, marketing and fiscal activities. When the crucial question of quality control arises, benchmarking for the quest of optimal performance becomes mandatory and thus gap analysis becomes supplementary to the strategic management of business. (Camp, 1989) Gap analysis provides the company with a graphical aid that is used to communicate areas where the firm does not meet a benchmark. Process optimisation, which is a key

Ethics Problem of Class Skipping Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics Problem of Class Skipping - Term Paper Example The most obvious violation of an ethical principle that his action violated is the principle of nonmaleficence which posits that one ought not to harm others. My friend is not only harming others (his parents and school administrators who were in good faith to provide him with a good education) but he is also harming himself although he may not realize it yet. He is harming himself in several ways. In the short term, he would be grounded and scolded if his parents will know about his cutting classes. Later, his performance in school will surely be affected and it will not be for long that school administrators will find it out that he had been cutting classes and that could put him in trouble. Ultimately, even if he would be able to get away with the short and not so immediate repercussion of skipping class, he will surely harm himself by denying himself the opportunity to prepare for his future. The second moral problem that my friend created is his lying to his parents and getting allowances using school as a front. I need not cite philosophical basis how being untruthful is incorrect because lying is fundamentally wrong by any moral standards. I told my friend that one way or another, his parents or school administrators will find out about his skipping classes. I also told him that it is not fair to his parents who were under the impression that he was going to school with the money they gave him when in fact, it was otherwise. I also told him that ultimately, he is just harming himself because he was skipping lessons that he was supposed to learn and that will begin a vicious cycle of having difficulty understanding complex lessons in the future. Initially, I was detached to whatever my friend was doing because I already did my part as a friend which is to give him sound advice and it is his life anyway.  

In Defence of Harry Flashman Essay Example for Free

In Defence of Harry Flashman Essay It is understandable why the first mention of the character of Harry Flashman – the opportunistic philanderer of his Majestys service who lied and cheated his cowardly way through the Victorian pages of his fictional memoirs by George MacDonald Fraser – is enough to deter the browsing lady, though far be it from anyone to say it should. Since patterns of book-buying snake across the sexes like a flailing sidewinder, it would be hopeless to say as to where on the shop shelf the hand might lay to rest. Nevertheless, for a series of stories far too overlooked for the publics common good, what could the otherwise fairer sex also find to appreciate in a man whose charm seems as fictitious as the women who fall for it? To put it more simply: can this man – to borrow the blurb – be all bad? If the name â€Å"Flashman† is shouting forward from the back of your mind, dare the â€Å"Lord Flashheart† be named as the bothering heckler? Dont think him an unwanted associate, for Blackadders slavering womaniser could be seen as an exaggeration of the â€Å"Flashman persona† and certainly close to what Harry himself may have become had he not, by hand and boot of queen and empire, been thrown into the Flemingesque scenarios he haphazardly emerged from, some the wiser and better-shaped. Unlike the all-consuming debauchery of his comedic counterpart, Harrys lechery is merely a tempered impetus; punctuating his desire for the English comforts that makes for the only form of patriotism youll see in him, if you can call it patriotism – the patriotism of Bond it most certainly is not. What differs Harry from James is awareness, and when taking stock, the idiom trumps the ammo. It would be daft to credit Harrys decision making with the weighing of political consequence, however; that would be a laughable excuse; something he doesnt begin to admit. Its fear that has his mind running back to the jolly English riff-raff and the spread of beds that await. Though isnt to think with your legs the best strategy for the reporter? Reluctant maybe, Harry is a better reporter than he is a soldier. This cowardice kept him alive til a time when he could afford to admit the truth. Concerning the First Afghan War, the truth about a man, General Elphinestone who single-handedly stripped the meat from his ranks as he rung them through the Khord-Kabul pass on their retreat from Afghanistan. Long after witnessing rom on high, the massacre of the regiments from which he had high-tailed the night before, Flashman verbally guts he whom he declares â€Å"No fate could be bad enough for†: â€Å"I still state unhesitatingly, that for pure, vacillating stupidity, for superb incompetence to command, for ignorance combined with bad judgement in short for the true talent for catastrophe, Elphy outshines all as the greatest military idiot of our own or any other day Now what a sorry waste of insightful wit it would have been to have it lost amidst the idiot pride of a fellow more gallant than Harry. Elphinestone is not alone; Harry considers many of the figures he meets to be – to varying degrees – morons, despite his care to concede a grace here and there. Its no surprise that he met such a top-heavy pile of fools; he was, after all, involved in some of the worst disasters of British imperialism all the more reason to flee when he could. But you know the fastidious type. Perhaps youve a friend whom fits this description, in which case, youll understand how empowering it feels to have them praise you – youre worth a cheer! When chance encounter pairs Harry with one he considers of rare dignity, you too, as the reader, hold them as praiseworthy, or rather, worthy of investigation. It was in 1842 when he jumped into the carriage of Lola Montez – an Irish dancer girl turned adventuress of Europe whose life was spent â€Å"playing with kingdoms† as one might romantically say. Her appearances in Royal Flash are glimpses; moments too brief to capture her entirety, yet he alludes to a life beyond the pages with so delicate a respect that one is inspired to follow. Whilst Harry never himself existed, he may as well have. Its very easy to speak of his personality as anything but fictional. Perhaps to no great surprise considering we get to know the fellow through his own confessions, worded not merely to the benefit of his own authenticity, either. The true blue honesty rubs off well onto those he brushes shoulders with. Its what we have to thank this bounder for – dramatising without disfiguring a past of characters pallid to most today and enriching the pursuit of history for ourselves. Harry once said about the Earl of Cardigan, that some human faults are military virtues; for Harry, some human faults are literary virtues.

VoIP: A New Frontier for Security and Vulnerabilities Essay -- essays

VoIP: A New Frontier for Security and Vulnerabilities Introduction to Voice over IP Technology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The promise of extremely cheap telephone service, utilizing the Internet to transmit voice, has made voice over IP an attractive and profitable idea. Vonage (http://www.vonage.com/) and other service providers entice consumers by charging a flat, monthly rate for unlimited long distance in the U.S. and Canada; the rate is often less than it would cost for a regular phone line without any long distance charges. An entity with an enormous call volume, such as a worldwide retail corporation, could benefit from tremendous cost savings by transitioning all of its telephony networks to VoIP.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Voice over IP uses a server to connect all telephones in a local area network and act as a gateway for VoIP packets traveling to and from the Internet. Consumers with broadband internet connections can purchase VoIP handsets or routers with an RJ-11 jack to connect regular telephones. Businesses must implement a VoIP application server to handle corporate telephone use, much like mail servers are used to manage email. The Internet Protocol Private Branch eXchange (IP PBX) is telephone equipment used by private companies, rather than telephone service providers, for the management of VoIP calls placed on the data network. When considering VoIP, organizations should focus on necessary quality of service (QoS) requirements, the cost to implement, and a number of security precautions needed to protect the network (Mullins, 2005). Protocols   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two most common protocols central to VoIP are Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and H.323. Both also rely on a number of other protocols, such as DNS and ENUM, in order to locate and navigate to other hosts on the Internet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SIP first uses either TCP or UDP to signal a host on port 5060; then the Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) is used to transmit an audio stream over UDP ports 16384 through 32767 (Mullins, 2005). It is a broader specification, generally used to connect network devices to servers or other kinds of control equipment. SIP supports user authentication and the transmission of any type of media, including audio, video, and messaging.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand, H.323 is a bit more complex, deri... ....org/columns/futuretense/2005/03/08.shtml. Hall, M. (2005, March 21). SIP tips VoIP into secure. Computerworld. Retrieved March 24, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2005/0,4814,100497,00.html Korzeniowski, P. (2005, February 16). Why VoIP is raising new security concerns. IT Manager’s Journal. Retrieved March 24, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://software.itmanagersjournal.com/print.pl?sid=05/02/11/0028208. McArdle, D. (2005, February 18). Group tackles VoIP security fears. ElectricNews.Net. Retrieved March 24, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.enn.ie/print.html?code=9589191. Mullins, M. (2005, November 3). Doing the VoIP security groundwork. CNETAsia. Retrieved March 24, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://asia.cnet.com. Rendon, J. (2004, December 8). The security risks of VoIP. CIO News. Retrieved March 24, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://searchcio.techtarget.com/originalContent/0,289142,sid19_gci1032194,00.html. Sullivan, A. (2005, March 21). Scam artists dial for dollars on Internet phones. Computerworld. Retrieved March 24, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2005/0,4814,100549,00.html.

Build Your Future Today

Build Your Future Today Introduction If I were to ask you, â€Å"What is the next major decision you need to make in your life, what would it be? † Perhaps you'll be looking at your next investment proposal. Or perhaps you are thinking about how to celebrate your next wedding anniversary with your spouse. Or perhaps, you're trying to decide whether or not you will Join our Toastmasters club today.Madam Toastmasters, my fellow Toastmasters, dignitaries, and our most honored guests, to help you decide tonight, not only will you get an overview of our Toastmasters program, you will also walk away with some of the tips and techniques I learned from more experienced Toastmasters. Speaking Off the Cuff First of all, take a look again at the agenda. You will notice how there are three parts to every Toastmasters meeting: Table Topics, Prepared Speeches, and then Evaluations. For Table Topics, the purpose is to help you think on your feet by responding too question you didn't prepare for, within 1-2 minutes.Why? Think about Job interviews. By keeping your responses short and concise, I think you're much more likely to establish rapport with your interviewers. I still remember how I recently had 4 Job promotion interviews. One of the questions they all asked was â€Å"tell us about software programs you are familiar with and how you used it for work. † I answered the question! I gave them a list of examples and connected them with work examples. Unfortunately, it came off like a typical laundry list. Boring, forgettable, and â€Å"toss salad†. Not surprisingly, I was O for 4 in getting my rumination.Then, in my 5th promotion interview, when I got the same question, I twisted the question. Instead of making the same mistake again, I actually asked, â€Å"What are the challenges for your unit? † Then, after listening patiently to their challenges, I was able to make everything I said relevant for their unit. For instance, I addressed how I coul d help them produce memos and proofread documents. Also, impromptu speaking can help improve your interpersonal communication skills. Consider your conversations with your friends and family.Are you likely to deliver 5-7 minute speeches? I hope not. As you can see, the ability to think on your feet is extremely valuable for reaching your professional and personal goals. Delivering Winning Presentations In addition to improving your impromptu speaking, you will learn how to deliver winning presentations. By working through the Competent Communication manual, you can improve many different aspects of public speaking, such as speech organization, body language, and vocal variety. Many people have difficulty coming up with material to talk about.Just pick topics you are familiar with. For example, I three chunks, each lasting from 5-7 minutes. Then, when I need to deliver the actual presentation, I feel much more confident. You can do the same. Take material you know you'll be presentin g in the real-world and practice it here at Toastmasters. Evaluations After you're done with presentations, you need feedback to keep improving. This is where evaluations come into play. When I first started out in Toastmasters, the hardest roles were Speech Evaluator and General Evaluator.I remembered how my ere first speech evaluation was for our Distinguished Toastmaster, Ron Dowel. My hands were shaking as I brought my notes and his manual to the podium. My voice was shaking too: â€Å"Great†¦ Gestures, great†¦ Volume, great†¦ Content. † Seriously, I didn't know how to evaluate an experienced speaker. As I gained more experience, this process became easier. Now you may be wondering, â€Å"Why does a giving effective speech evaluation matter to me? † Consider how you need to evaluate other people's ideas every day. Perhaps you need to evaluate ideas from your colleagues.Or perhaps you need to evaluate ideas from your family and friends. How to critiqu e their ideas without offending them? How to make your suggestions more useful and memorable? You can practice to master this invaluable skill here in Toastmasters. Conclusion As you can see, Toastmasters can help you improve your impromptu speaking, presentation skills, and evaluation skills. By investing Just $36 for every 6 months, you can change your life. Make the right decision by Joining Toastmasters today, because your future depends on it.

Can Appointments Redefine Success?

It is difficult today to manage a handful of business cards. The great way to deliver business values and to increase in the customer loyalty is one to one appointments. There is no particular formula or not any kind of competition for setting appointments. Personal or face to face appointments can redefine success as the discussion is not done on the phone and does not involve any confusion. Organizations today are emphasizing on the personal or face to face meetings.This oldies the customer relations with the company and has great potential in closing the final deals. Major decisions, strategies and consulting is possible with a personal appointment. These are small things that can play a vital role in the success of the company. Below are benefits of appointments and face-to face meetings- Develop a personal relationship. Definitely, you can create relationships with a phone call, but it is more effective with a personal meeting. Impressive presentation will surely help develop a good relationship.Once you succeed in developing a relationship, you are more likely to make a sale. Easier to present your material- Once the appointment is set, you are sure that there would be confusion as you can present your material In person than it is over the phone. Further, In a face-to face meeting, you can get the prospect's undivided attention. Handing the Information- In today's technological era, it is very easy to email Information and many of us Ignore the Importance of handing somebody a hard copy. Deal In person and surely, you will get the success.Surely, setting an appointment can help redefine your success. You need to be keen on setting an appointment. Some simple tips can work wonders and can add to the success graph of the company. If you want to generate BIB appointments for the company's benefit, then keep on Improving the methods and the tools you are using to set appointments. Share what Is going on In your mind. Talk to people and discuss the ideas abou t the business leads and how to set appointments for further lead generation. If you have something out of the box, share It with others.Be yourself ND believe In your Ideas. If you are willing to take the business to a new level, hire people who can take the pressure and capacity. They can work hard to make your dream true. Working with people having lesser capableness will stop the growth and you will be out of the competition. Show confidence In your team and they will feel the need to prove their capableness and trust to you. They will succeed If they are working as per their rules and comfort. They should know that you have faith In them. Identify the weak points In your BIB appointment setting team.Check the telemarketing efforts and understand the reason of the failure. After Identifying the problems In the team, It Is easy to come up with a solution. After the problem Is solved, the team along with the business moves easier and faster. You should be able to strike the balanc e of creatively and business. Creative Ideas can give you some new ways to Implement business Ideas. People who can Implement these Ideas In reality are also Important for a business team. Face to face appointments will surely help you In success by evolving confusions.Develop good relationships and success will be simply yours. By b2bmarketingstrategies set, you are sure that there would be confusion as you can present your material in person than it is over the phone. Further, in a face-to face meeting, you can get the era, it is very easy to email information and many of us ignore the importance of handing somebody a hard copy. Deal in person and surely, you will get the success. Company's benefit, then keep on improving the methods and the tools you are using to set appointments. Share what is going on in your mind.Talk to people and discuss generation. If you have something out of the box, share it with others. Be yourself and believe in your ideas. If you are willing to take t he business to a new level, hire dream true. Working with people having lesser capabilities will stop the growth and you will be out of the competition. Show confidence in your team and they will feel the need to prove their capabilities and trust to you. They will succeed if they are working as per their rules and comfort. They should know that you have faith in them.Identify the weak points in your BIB appointment setting team. Check the telemarketing efforts and understand the reason of the failure. After identifying the problems in the team, it is easy to come up with a solution. After the problem is to strike the balance of creativity and business. Creative ideas can give you some new ways to implement business ideas. People who can implement these ideas in reality are also important for a business team. Face to face appointments will surely help you in success by avoiding confusions. Develop good relationships and success will

Free Essays on Causes Of The Civil War

The Civil War was caused by a myriad of conflicting pressures, principles, and prejudices, fueled by sectional differences and pride, and set into motion by a most unlikely set of political events. At the root of all of the problems was the institution of slavery, which had been introduced into North America in early colonial times. The American Revolution had been fought to validate the idea that all men were created equal, yet slavery was legal in all of the thirteen colonies throughout the revolutionary period. Although it was largely gone from the northern states by 1787, it was still preserved in the new Constitution of the United States, not only at the request of the Southern ones, but also with the approval of many of the Northern delegates who saw that there was still much money to be made in the slave trade by the Yankee shipping industry. At the Constitutional Convention there were arguments over slavery. Representatives of the Northern states claimed that if the Southern slaves were mere property, then they should not be counted toward voting representation in Congress. Southerners, placed in the difficult position of trying to argue, at least in this case, that the slaves were human beings, eventually came to accept the three-fifths compromise, by which five slaves counted as three free men toward that representation. By the end of the convention the institution of slavery itself, though never specifically mentioned, was well protected within the body of the Constitution. It seemed to many that slavery was on its way out. It was becoming increasingly expensive to keep slaves in the agrarian society of the south. Northern and Southern members of Congress voted together to abolish the importation of slaves from overseas in 1808, but the domestic slave trade continued to flourish. The invention of the cotton gin made the cultivation of cotton on large plantations using slave labor a profitable enterprise in the South. Slav... Free Essays on Causes Of The Civil War Free Essays on Causes Of The Civil War The Civil War was caused by a myriad of conflicting pressures, principles, and prejudices, fueled by sectional differences and pride, and set into motion by a most unlikely set of political events. At the root of all of the problems was the institution of slavery, which had been introduced into North America in early colonial times. The American Revolution had been fought to validate the idea that all men were created equal, yet slavery was legal in all of the thirteen colonies throughout the revolutionary period. Although it was largely gone from the northern states by 1787, it was still preserved in the new Constitution of the United States, not only at the request of the Southern ones, but also with the approval of many of the Northern delegates who saw that there was still much money to be made in the slave trade by the Yankee shipping industry. At the Constitutional Convention there were arguments over slavery. Representatives of the Northern states claimed that if the Southern slaves were mere property, then they should not be counted toward voting representation in Congress. Southerners, placed in the difficult position of trying to argue, at least in this case, that the slaves were human beings, eventually came to accept the three-fifths compromise, by which five slaves counted as three free men toward that representation. By the end of the convention the institution of slavery itself, though never specifically mentioned, was well protected within the body of the Constitution. It seemed to many that slavery was on its way out. It was becoming increasingly expensive to keep slaves in the agrarian society of the south. Northern and Southern members of Congress voted together to abolish the importation of slaves from overseas in 1808, but the domestic slave trade continued to flourish. The invention of the cotton gin made the cultivation of cotton on large plantations using slave labor a profitable enterprise in the South. Slav... Free Essays on Causes Of The Civil War The Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1877, was mainly caused by the diverging society between the North and the South. The North and the South had different goals. There were many factors that led to the war and the chief ones were political and economic differences between the North and the South. The North’s aggression to control the South had led to the point where it was intolerable. The issue on slavery was one of the causes of the Civil War. Slavery and slave trades had become a big part of the South’s economy. The slaves were needed to work on plantations which helped the South prospered. During the 19th Century, the North worked hard on abolishing slavery that they thought was a disgrace to the Union. Compromises were proposed working toward an end to slavery. One of the compromises was the Missouri Compromise that made Maine, a free state, and Missouri, a slave state, excluded slavery from Louisiana Territory and everything above the 36Â ° 30’ north latitude. Other compromises such as the Compromise of 1850 did please both sides. The Compromise included admitting California as a free state and interstate slave trade to be abolished which went in favor of the North. The Compromise also went with the South when it included stricter fugitive slave laws and New Mexico and Utah were created without slave restrictions. A book called, "Uncle Tom’s Cabin" was also published at this time emphasizing the evils of slavery. This added tension between the North and the South. The compromises seemed to have settled the issue of slavery but it was just putting back the problem. The North and the South were far from settling the slave issue. Another reason that caused the South to go to war was the difference in economic policies. The North was expanding more in the commercial and industrial side while the South was reliant on agriculture. Cities and factories had developed in the North and in the South; it was still staple producin...

Spelling Tips Baited Breath or Bated Breath

Spelling Tips Baited Breath or Bated Breath Spelling Tips: Baited Breath or Bated Breath? Given how popular the Harry Potter books were, you’d have thought J.K. Rowling – or her publishers – could afford a proofreader. Yet, on publication, Prisoner of Azkaban contained a passage that read: The whole common room listened with baited breath. Did you spot the error there? If not, check out our guide to the difference between â€Å"bated† and â€Å"baited† below. Once you can tell these words apart, you will be able to use this commonly misspelled phrase with confidence. Baited (Loaded with Bait) The word â€Å"bait† can be used as either a noun or a verb. As a noun, it refers to something used to lure an animal or persuade someone to do something: We used cheese as bait in the trap. He took the bait when we made a compensation offer. As a verb, it can either mean â€Å"load with bait† or â€Å"intentionally anger†: We baited the hook with a worm. Bear baiting has been banned since 1835. However, the way â€Å"baited† is used in the sentence from Harry Potter is as an adjective. And while this is unusual, it means â€Å"loaded with bait†: The offer seemed to good to be true, like a baited hook. So, if we were to take J. K. Rowling literally, we’d have to assume that the common room was listening with breath that would attract fish. Now, we know Hogwarts is a magical place. But we’re not sure that mystical halitosis is the answer here. Let’s instead take a look at the word â€Å"bated.† Bated (Anxious or Excited) â€Å"Bated† is an adjective meaning â€Å"in an excited or anxious way.† Its first recorded use is in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, Act I, Scene III: Shall I bend low and in a bondmans key, With bated breath and whispering humbleness, Say this; Fair sir, you spit on me on Wednesday last; You spurnd me such a day; another time You calld me dog; and for these courtesies Ill lend you thus much moneys? The idea here is to conjure the image of someone breathing excitedly in anticipation, which is still how we use the phrase â€Å"bated breath† today. In fact, in modern English, you are unlikely to ever see the word â€Å"bated† used other than in the phrase â€Å"bated breath.† Consequently, as long as you can remember this phrase, you will know when to use the term â€Å"bated.† Summary: Baited Breath or Bated Breath? Although the terms â€Å"baited† and â€Å"bated† sound the same, they have very different meanings. Remember: As an adjective, baited means â€Å"loaded with bait to lure an animal.† It is also the past tense of â€Å"bait,† which can mean either â€Å"use a lure† or â€Å"taunt.† Bated means â€Å"in an anxious or excited way.† In modern English, this word only commonly appears in the phrase bated breath. So if you’re talking about waiting excitedly, the correct spelling will be â€Å"bated.† But in other situations, such as luring an animal or deliberately angering someone, you will need â€Å"baited.† And if you’d like to go one step further than J.K. Rowling’s publishers and have a professional check your writing for spelling errors, feel free to send us a document today.

Recessive Lethal Mutations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recessive Lethal Mutations - Essay Example Recessive Lethal Mutations In order to understand how genes specify a biological process of both phenotypes that can occure and the number of genes involve, it is important identifying the mutated genes. Because high mutation frequencies can be obtain with chemical mutagens. Actually the mutation frequency can vary widely for different loci, chemical mutagens can induce mutation in most genes. With all these advantages, there is still some disadvantage associate with it because cloning mutant gene is difficult, as these chemicals usually cause point mutations. Positioning cloning chemical induce mutants are made feasible over time, but cloning remain expensive and laborious in vertebrate animal with large genomes. A less effective approach to chemical mutagenesis that greatly speeds the cloning of mutant genes is known as insertional mutagenesis. The integration of exogenous DNA sequences into a genome can be mutagenic, and the inserted DNA serves as a tag to clone mutated genes, though fewer lesions are obtai ned per genome and also insertional mutagens seldom, if integrated randomly into host DNA. When large-scale genetic screening is carried out, it results in successful identification of many genes that define embryological pathways. However, two scientists from Boston and Tubingen are inspired by the remarkable characteristic of the zebrafish, along with the first zebrafish genetic screening identified mutant embryonic phenotype in F3 generation. Some of the mutated developmental genes identified in the two screens have been cloned, which assist in the dissection of the gene network that controls the early development. For example, the mutated genes in the endoderm mutants such as casanova, bonnie and clyde, and faust can be assembled into a genetic pathway that have been shown tom encode transcription factors that are necessary for endoderm formation. Analysis of proviral insertions has revealed that different germ cell are infected independently in F1 progeny and with high titer virus stocks they often have multiple integrations and any given insertion is transmitted mosa ically to between 1% and 40% of the F1 pronegy. Individual F1 fish can inherit multiple insertion and proviral insertions in F1 fish and transmitted in a mendelian fashion. When outcrossing founder fish, identified F1 fish with single proviral insertion, generated an F2 family for each insertion, and then inbred transgenic F2 fish and examined F3 progeny to identify mutation. This system is not too efficient for large-scale screen because each insertion was inbred individually, therefore

Implications of the UK Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Implications of the UK Employment Law - Essay Example The Equality Act 2010 legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace and also in in the community as a whole . This law is made up of three major statutes which include; - Sex Discrimination Act 1975 . This act was put in place to prohibit any form of discrimination either in the workplace or any other place on the basis or grounds of sex, marital status and gender reassignment. This should also apply in fields of education. This law is applicable in Wales, England and also in Scotland. The Race Relations Act 1976 came immediately after the Sex Discrimination Act. An amendment The Race Relations Act 2000 is a development of this Act and the Race Relations Act 1976 Regulations 2003 . This act prohibits any form of discrimination on the basis of the individual’s colour. This law is applicable in the fields of employment where racial discrimination is likely to be witnessed, education and in the provision of goods and services. Any individual breaking the law is cul pable in the three countries named above. To deal with discrimination on the basis of disability the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 was put in place. This act discourages any form of discrimination of the basis of disability in the field of education, employment and the access to goods and services. It purports that the disabled people should be accorded similar treatment in these fields as the ones who are not disabled. Equal job opportunities and educational opportunities should be given to all citizens.

The Influence of Social Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Influence of Social Thinking - Essay Example Many people judge another person's personality and mood by only processing a small amount of information about them. We may see a person laughing at the grocery store and think they have a jovial spirit. When we see them at work, they may be cold and aloof. People are often judged by these situational moods. Yet, the person is adapting to the situation. This overemphasis on personality and the underestimation of the situation is known as fundamental attribution error (Myers 706). The person has changed their behavior to react to a different situation. This error can cause us to label and catalog people falsely. When we use only mood and behavior to judge a person and overlook the situation it's an attribution error. When we react to situations it is sometimes difficult to understand how much is our behavior being controlled by our own attitudes and how much our behavior is controlling what we think. Often times people are told 'make the best of it'. There may be a class that a student doesn't enjoy yet approaches it with a positive attitude. If other outside influences are minimal, we may do well in the class (Myers 709). However, if people tell us we will fail in the class, and we don't take any action to change the attitude, we will likely fail. Knowing that our attitude can change our behavior can be beneficial in changing our lives. We may not be able to change dramatically or quickly, but we may be able to alter our behavior a step at a time. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon states that when people agree to a small action they are more likely to agree to a larger action at a later time (Myers 709). By understanding this we can also incorporate the cognitive dissonance theory that states that we can bring our "attitudes in line with our actions" (Myers 711). By taking an attitude that we want to project, we can alter our behavior. As much as our own attitudes and social situations determine our behavior, the group that we are in exerts even more pressure. Experiments by Solomon Asch confirmed that people feel a need to conform (Myers 714). The group we are in exaggerates this need. If we are insecure, the group is large, we admire the group, and the group is unanimous, it increases our likelihood of conforming (Myers 715). This is how lone holdouts on juries are eventually swayed into changing their vote. It is also how we are persuaded to take an action we may feel is wrong. We may also conform to a group for the same reasons and elicit a positive outcome. A study group, church meeting, or volunteer organization may prompt us to behave in a positive manner. Yet, in some groups there is no general consensus and opposing views are suppressed resulting in "groupthink" (Myers 722). Panels, boards, and committees have often made serious blunders by succumbing to the phenomenon. While these group pressures may result in a bad decision, they can also become destructive and overpowering. The experiments of Stanley Milgram illustrated how far people were willing to go to conform (Myers 717). People will go beyond simply conforming and to the level of blind obedience. This is especially true if the group influence has the perception of authority and the authority is close at hand (Myers 717). The influence of people is also seen when they affect our actions such as in "social facilitation" (Myers

Changes in UK Labour Productivity: Analysis

Changes in UK Labour Productivity: Analysis Introduction The Agents’ scores for capacity constraints: The series of scores inside the Agents’ Summary of Business Conditions, which is generated by 12 regional officies (Agencies), is a tool for Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to track the underlying trend in economic factors. The Agents in each region gather the information on economic conditions from their contacts, then judge what value to score subjectively. The scores are the simple way that Agents alter the intelligence they gathered before into a quantitative assessment of the economy over time (Colin Ellis, Tim Pike, 2005). Figure 1: Capacity Constraints Scores in Agents Summary of Business Conditions from Jan, 1998 to Sept, 2014 (Source: Bank of England) Most of the scores are based on a comparison of recent months with the same period a year earlier, however, there are some exceptions like employment intentions or capacity constraints, which are looking forward. The scores range from -5 to +5 with -5 is denoted that rapidly decreasing level and +5 is rapidly growth. In this case, a positive score in Capacity Constraints means that companies face with a little or no pressure on capacity demand and vice versa. In the chart above, it can be seen that there are two downward sloping periods between 2009 and 2013 when were the double-dip recession occurred in the UK. The trend also illustrates an improving progress within a year recently, with a rise of 0.6 points on both sectors. The UK productivity puzzle Productivity experience in cross-country and historical views: The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2007-2008 has caused a significant damage to the economy of most developed countries in the world, including the UK. The decline in output has led to a considerable decline in labor productivity in the UK. Labor productivity has been improving from 2013, but it still be less than its pre-crisis level of around 16% (see Figure 2 below). This shortfall can be referred as the â€Å"UK productivity puzzle and it has took a great effort from economists in order to explain the situations, however, it has yet to be answered completely so far. Figure 2: The UK Labour Productivity (1998-2013). Sources: Moneymovesmarket.com It can be seen from figure 3 that a weaker performance in labour productivity during the latest recession than all previous post-war recessions. In all recessions before, the first fall in productivity was usually short-lived and the productivity began to increase and regained its peak level after just only almost a year and a half. Figure 3: Productivity per person after UK recessions (Source: Office for National Statistics) However, this latest episode did not see the same stories as its two previous. Between early 2009 and mid-2010, the productivity made a rise of of approximately one percent and continually levelled off and it did not rise further over the next year as both output and employment saw really slow recoveries.At the time of Q3/2011, the employment was rising sharply while the growth of GDP has shrinked (see Appendix), therefore creating a renew decrease in labour productivity. As a result, the UK productivity still be underneath its pre-recession peak around 4 percent. One remarkable point is that the increasing employment and the weak labour productivity seem to be an odd thing to see among the GFC. If the business is expected to stay weak typical companies will shed labour to boost productivity up. The productivity weakness of the UK is also unusual when comparing with some international stories for recent years. Despite their increasing growth before the GFC, it has been significantly weaker than some high-income countries’ economy. Looking at figure 4, it is easily seen that the UK productivity performance was consistent with that of other countries suggests that some common factors might be involved.Nevertheless, as mentioned above, there has been a downward slope in UK productivity in mid-2011 which was not encountered to the same level elsewhere.The weak productivity of Germany is due to the unusual strong employment referred to the past. One additional point is that only Italy has the similar trend with the UK, showing the impact of GFC on their labour productivity. There are some reasons why these comparison might exaggerate the productivity puzzle’s size. Measurement inaccuracy could take account for a very small piece of productivity weakness. Moreover, expenditure on research and development (RD) is considered as a part of GDP, therefore GDP can be lifted by around 1.5% points. Another reason here is that the decrease in North Sea oil and gas output (see Appendix) slowed trend growth in labour productivity in this sector. In total, although the measurement issues can explain up to 4% point of the shortfall in productivity there are lots of things to research the remaining. Figure 4: Labour productivity per person across countries between 1999 and 2013 Source: Thomson Reuters Datastream, Eurostat and ONS Cyclical explanations on productivity shortfall Lower factor utilisation as a result of weak demand conditions The first hypothesis suggests that weakness in productivity is cyclical in nature, driven by weak demand conditions. Firms are unable or unwilling to shed labour or dispose of capital but sometimes, they are not as productive as they might have been. The difference between the lower utilisation level and more normal levels of capacity utilisation is called â€Å"spare capacity within firms†. The first reason for this hypothesis is that they need to keep business going by holding a minimum level of staffs, so-called ‘overhead labour’. Therefore, some firms might not have been able to cut employment below the minimum base, like the guards for the construction until it is sold, for example. Anothing reason should be remarked here is that companies believe the weak demand is temporary. In past experiences, companies made decisions to having fired workers in the early stages of the recession. Conversely, they found it hard to find workers with the appropriate, firm-specific skills. Thus, they missed the opportunities to make a breakthrough on the market. Recently, companies might desire to ‘hoard’ underutilised workers to avoid those lessons from the past. From 2007 to 2012, the proportion of reduced output companies but holding employment rose from about 20 percent than the pre-crisis period (see figure 5). It also suggests that these holding action of firms contributed to the decrease in productivity measured, shown by the diamonds in the chart. Figure 5: Proportion of reduced output firms but holding labour (from 2005-2012). Source: ONS and Bank calculations Spare capacity is measured in the business survey that provide a significant degree of idle capacity within companies in the initial stages of the crisis. However, this business survey just uses the qualitative methods, thus it did not capture the amount of spare capacity in each firm. One additional thing is all answers are subjective so it can be changed over time. It might take no effect on the size of the UK productivity puzzle. Other cyclical factors Some sectors had diverted the resources toward activities which is not immediately counted as output. Consequently, it cannot tribute to the total productivity. In contrast, there are some point which indicated that the cyclical hypothesis alone cannot fully explain the productivity puzzle. Effect of persistent factors on productivity puzzle Tangible and intangible capital investment effects on the shortfall The consequences of the GFC made the firms’ desire in investment in physical capital more difficult because the tighter credit conditions may lead to a higher cost to obtain finance. The stagnated situation in this period also made investments become less efficient, causing directly the material deterioration in the capital stock of worker. Moreover, a considerable fall in real wages during the crisis (see Appendix) while the cost of capital went up have led the relative cost of labour to capital to be decreasing. Hence, it have provided a motivation to switch to use labor-intensive business and companies decided to increase the labour working hours. However, the production output did not go up due to the low demand conditions, therefore the productivity has been decreased. Firms also invest in ‘intangible capital’ which include some types like intellectual property rights or brand names, etc. One main point here is the strong relationship between two types of capital investment mentioned above. For example, the innovated implementation can be processed alongside the introduction of plants and machinery. However, RD expense is considered as the innovation input; that means even though firms have invest a huge amount of money but without new valuable output, which are some types of product or process innovation, there will be an inverse impact on the productivity. According to the data of the UK Innovation Survey, there has been a fall of about 30% in both product and process innovation among the crisis despite an increasing trend in spending budget on RD (see figure †¦). These capital channels have explained a considerable proportion, about 3 to 4 percentage points, of the shortfall in the UK. Impaired resource allocation and the higher firm survival Figure 6: Decomposition of the UK Labour Productivity (2004-2012). Source: ONS and Bank calculations. Looking at the graph above, it is seen that there is a downward sloping trend in the contribution from reallocation, as a result of higher insolvencies or firing behavior (Riley et al, 2014), and its contribution decreased even further, becoming minor between 2010 and 2012. As mentioned above, uncertainty have made firms more wary when investing and labour reallocation. Moreover, the financial system have played a role to have impaired the movement of resources through two channels: impaired capital allocation and higher firm survival. Broadbent (2012, 2013) declares that considerable changes in rates of return on capital across sectors might not be associated with the following movements of capital stocks. In addition, Barnett et al (2014b) highlight an economic model with multiple firms and sectors to analyse that a high price dispersion might be used to explain the productivity loss with around 3 to 4 percentage point. According to Arrowsmith et al (2013), there has been a bank forbearance which provide the measures of support to firms struggling to meet its debt obligations. Although the direct impact have been a little at around one percentage point, the overall impact might have been greater because the widespread effect of the forbearance in the whole sector. Moreover, Arrowsmith et al (2013) indicated that the low level of Bank rate has supported to retain the borrowing costs for firms fairly low. The unusually low rate of firm collapse is to have lowered labour productivity by up to 5 percentage points. Relationship between the labour productivity and monetary policy decision The outlook for inflation in the medium-term depends on the balance of demand and supply in the economy. In theory, if supply is greater than the goods and services that people demand, prices will tend to fall and vice versa. Hence, the MPC should make an assessment about up-to-date indicators and prediction in supply, as well as demand. In recessions, demand typically falls by more than supply. An output gap opens up – the economy can supply more than is currently demanded. And unless that gap is closed, it will push down on costs and prices. But assessing the size of the output gap is very difficult, for exactly the reasons we have been discussing today. Early estimates of economic activity can be revised substantially, so it is hard to know just how weak demand and output really are. And it is equally difficult to know the extent to which the supply potential of the economy has been affected by the recession. 1 | Page

The Legality of Child Pornography Essay -- Child Pornography Debate Es

The Legality of Child Pornography Child pornography is an ongoing issue as technology progresses in today’s world. Now there are ways to produce child pornography without actually using a real child. While there are acts and laws to protect the children, there are still many unsatisfied people on each side of the issue. There are people who believe the adult entertainment companies, who produce the child pornography; they believe that their First Amendment rights are being violated with current acts and laws against it. There are also people who think that the current laws are not strict enough and that they need to outlaw all types of child pornography. It is necessary for all sides of the issue to be considered and for the appropriate people to take suitable actions to determine the outcome and final decision concerning child pornography. While the First Amendment protects many things, one thing it does not protect is any form of child pornography. That is, any content that shows children, under the age of sixteen, engaged in any form of sexual activity. The question of the legality of child pornography first appeared in 1982, in the case of New York vs. Ferber. It was decided that the creation, promotion and distribution of child pornography was illegal. Also, it is illegal to falsely persuade children into performing sexual acts. There are some images still that are protected by the First Amendment that could still be considered child pornography, depending on their use. For instance, images of child genitalia are legal in medical books, but if these same images are put on an adult website, the courts would most likely rule them illegal (AdultWebLaw, 2002). In any case, child pornography is an ongoing cont... ...rosecute the adult entertainment companies because they are not breaking any laws. Until the Supreme Court rules that any form of child pornography is illegal, there will be no changes in the current standing of this issue. Child pornography, not involving children at the age of sixteen and under, is legal and exercises the adult entertainment industry’s right to free speech. Works Cited: Baase, Sara. (2003). A Gift of Fire: Social, legal, and ethical issues for computers and the Internet. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Child Pornography. (1998-2002). AdultWebLaw. Retrieved May 21, 2004 from http://www.adultweblaw.com/laws/childporn.htm Child Pornography Prevention Act. (2001, February 6). Evanston, IL: Jean Goodwin. Retrieved May 21, 2004 from http://faculty-web.at.nwu.edu/commstud/freespeech/cont/cases/morphed.html

Information Governance

Information governance is generally the act of storing, protecting and integrating data acquired from different sources. Efficient maintenance of the stored health care data provides space for health institutions to create a friendly atmosphere with the patients, individualize treatments,improve communication levels and thus health outcomes. Electronic health records (EHR) technology, which records and stores patients' information electronically, helps the healthcare administrators to consolidate, centralize and securely get in touch with patients' data. This technology has become helpful in information governance system because it enhance a comprehensive knowledge about the patient and enables personalized interactions by integrating patients' data from all required sources. Health analysts play a key role in the data management system by providing insightful knowledge from patterns and correlations on healthcare data. From this, one can deduce a health problem that mainly affects a certain age group, hence elevate population health results through tracking present health trends and foresee upcoming ones. The incorporation of mobile health tools and patients' portals in the health data management systems has made it easier for the patients to interact with the healthcare personnel. The personal interaction between the physician and the patient has enhanced the privacy level, which every patient desires.Information about a physician derived from claims data enables a healthcare management system to deduce his or her behavior and decide on the physician's placement area. By understanding the physician's area of specialization in a certain department and assigning him to his specialty it will lead to increase in volume of the referral rates hence high revenue income.Physicians and healthcare management personnel ought to be very keen when collecting patients' data and marketing department need to focus on creating awareness on stabilizing data management systems. Knowledgeable and impactful business decisions based on the provided data will be attained due to the involvement of every party in the healthcare sector.

Strategic risks †thinking about them differently Essay

One of the most important aspects to put into consideration when taking up a project is project risk management. A project risk is an event / condition, which is uncertain that, upon it occurrence brings either a positive or a negative impact on the project. A positive manager should consider this as one of the ten knowledge areas where competence is highly regarded. Risk management is critical, especially to organizations working in multi-project environments and the maturity for risk is high (Loftus, 1999). A wide range of risks is apparent when working in projects involving construction among other engineering work. These risks are mostly attributed to government policy, diversity in stakeholders’ aspirations and the challenges of adding multiple projects. For a good risk management process, there must be a clear statement and understanding of roles and responsibilities, proper skills on technical analysis and the prevailing organizational factors should support the project . Project risk management involves identifying, assessing and prioritizing of risks: and thereafter putting resources to use in order to reduce, monitor and control those risks that could affect the project negatively and increase realizing of opportunities (Jaafari, 2001). This report seeks to outline the knowledge acquired on management of risk in projects among other basic knowledge gathered on management of projects. Discussion             All organizations exist for their own different purposes, and that of public engineering organizations in the construction business, the purpose is to deliver a service, which brings a beneficial result in the public/ stakeholders interest (Harrison, 2004). Decisions to pump resources into investments on capital infrastructure are prompted by needs that are meant to enhance the achievement of the major purpose. According to Flanagan and Norman (1993), the benefits of efficient risk management are evident especially in projects involving capital infrastructure because they are dynamic in nature and bring positive cost implications from the construction related decisions. Risk management should be taken as an intrinsic part of capital infrastructure investment decisions mainly because, as project, ventures get more elaborate, the role of risk management is exemplified (Kutsch & Hall, 2010). Regarding this realization, some countries have enacted government policies on constructors emphasizing on the need to incorporate risk management in capital infrastructure schemes (Uher & Loosemore, 2004). Risk is therefore, in many occasions, viewed as a condition or event whose occurrence will have adverse effects on the project and may hinder the attainment of set objectives. Hence, risk management relates decisions to such probable harmful effects (Chapman et al, 2012). This philosophical approach to risk management enables the process to be broken down into four fundamental sub-processes (Culp, 2001). These involve identification, analysis, response and monitoring. The former step of identification is the most critical step because it has the biggest effect on decisions emanating from the process of risk management. Reviewing risk management, in his article, Williams (1995), notes that there is little structured work in publication about typical risks. According to Chapman (1998), as much as risk identification is critical on the risk assessment and response phases, very little empirical evidence is available at this early phase. The heavier task in risk management remains in the analysis and response to the risk, yet the reasoning stands that unless the risks are identified, they cannot be analyzed and responded to. For most engineers, the need to have a set out program is critical for it provides an umbrella under which all current projects fall so that an outcome can be delivered massively in general, and greater than the total sum of all others. A program is usually temporary, and flexible; created to direct and oversee the implementation of a set of related projects and activities for the deliverance of beneficial outcomes that relate to the organization’s strategic objectives. Several projects are undertaken under this umbrella. This explicitly differentiates between program management outcomes and project management outputs. However, there is a link between projects and strategy through the program. Risk management is becoming an increasingly important process due to external pressures in existence. However, good risk management is seen as a critical attribute of organizational success in the field of engineering. The assumption that programs are merely extensions of projects should cease to exist because many will tend to reflect program risk management to project risk management (Allan, 2008). Program management is a broad extension of the varied, yet related, projects. On projects, it is important to define one or more objective functions like capital expenditure and completion time to represent it to measure the probability of achieving the set targets. Risk management then goes on to model the project’s objectives against the projects variables like costs and the quantity of inputs. These variables are usually uncertain as time goes on, hence the uncertainty of a hundred percent achievement of the objectives set. The most ideal situation would be identifying and characterizing the variables in advance providing that they will remain unchanged by time. This would make it easy to estimate the possible risks and the consequent variance of the project’s objective(s). However, not all project variables can be identified as new variables might surface as the project goes on while the probability of occurrence of the initial variables may vary (Kerzner & Saladis, 2009). The impacts of the initial variables, both positive and negative, may change too hence making risk management even more hard (Drummond, 1999). Certainty and uncertainty of realizing a project’s objectives are measurable, only ideally. The possibility of a project not breaking even could be considered as a representative of the whole project: and then used in turn to evaluate against the variable and try to reduce the risks involved. This becomes a basis for decision-making. Some projects may proceed normally in a stable environment, hence making the uncertainty high at the time it is conceptualized. Pro-active planning and making prudent decisions will see the uncertainty reduce (Royer, 2001). However, uncertainty in complex projects within a changing environment will not necessarily reduce/ diminish as time goes by Chapman (1998). It is necessary to keep on checking on the project’s variables and re-evaluating of the objective function’s status to facilitate adjustments in the project’s strategies. Uncertainty surrounds many parts of a project; hence early resolution of variables may not be poss ible always. Variables change over time leading to exposure to new threats and risks along the way. This fact should not be refuted and a lot of work is required in the planning evaluating phases, where most of the critical work is done. In spite of all the uncertainty and complexity surrounding risk management and project management, it is important to seek methods of improving the project’s base value (Drummond, 1999). Conceptualization, planning, and implementation of a project are complex process that requires management based on set strategic objectives, which vary from time to time. The objectives should be integrative and holistic in the sense that it caters for social, political, environmental, and community aspects (Sears et al, 2010). Traditionally, planning in project management should form the basis of planning, alongside other functions of project management including; human resource, time, scope, integration, quality and procurement. These should be the fundamental factors f consideration along each phase. A variety of guidebooks, protocols and codes of practice in the engineering field have been made available for use in risk management in project management. In the United Kingdom, the ‘Orange book’ is a framework that is set to offer guidance on basic risk management concepts and as a resource for developing risk management processes and implementing them I the public sec tor (Aritua et al 2011). It is also aimed at using a risk based decision-making on investment. There have been many more publications and publications aimed at dictating hoe risk management should look like. These guidelines have offered a basis upon which projects are appraised and their investment viability tested. This has enhanced the process and shifted its reception and perception from project risk management to a risk management strategic level (Melton, 2011). In engineering and construction professions, program management and project management came to existence due to the changing procurement environment (Cox et al 2006). In the United Kingdom, procurement of infrastructural assets was done in a sequential manner, which involved a clear differentiation in the project life cycle phases. Currently there are three major procurement systems. These systems are prime contracting, Design and Build procurement and Private Finance Initiative (Aritua et al 2011). These methods were because of the need to adopt integrative and collaborative project delivery methods. The procurement systems have features like framework agreements, the use of specifications that are output based, and more importantly, emphasis on the lifelong value of the structures (Shehu and Akintoye, 2009). The office of Government Commerce has facilitated the change in construction procurement in the public sector too. The agency’s main agenda is to ensure that policies ar e followed and enhancing promotion of the best performance practices. These systems ensure that the project undertaken is of high quality and regard set policies and guidelines. These sanctions in the public works and construction sector have acted as strategic risk management tools for they ensure quality assurance as well as proper quality management. Project management should incorporate the use of a strategy-based management approach. This will facilitate the integration of planning, risk management and decision-making hence ensuring real time real time realization of an optimum of the project’s strategic objective against its variables (Schmidt, 2009). The project’s promoters are not always the investors. Investors are not always actively involved in the management of the project, but invest resources into the project hoping to get dividends. The promoters’ objective, on the other hand, is to deliver a facility that will ensure a long term balanced and financially viable business entity. The project is therefore a compromise between the attainment of investors’ interests and that of the community (Pinto & Morris, 2010). Project development should be based on a set of strategic objectives, which stamp the project as a business and entwining project decisions to strategic business decisions (Wearne, 19 89). Amid all risks, the project should be planned proactively regarding its variables and with a focus on the life cycle objective functions (Westland, 2007). All life cycle functions should be observed. These are: financial functions, customer satisfaction, and policy observance/ adherence to statutory concerns. Statutory concerns could be like those regarding projects adjacent to ecological systems or highly populated areas (Jha, 2011). Proactive planning of the project ensures real time minimization of risk. Effective risk management ensures that there is typical conceptualization of projects and their subsequent implementation using strategic objectives. It also ensures any further variables are assessed and managed accordingly to optimize the project’s strategic outcome, that which of a business entity (Heagney, 2011). Since projects are subjected to changes in objectives and variables due to external factors, it is important to incorporate a continuous risk management process that involves continuous risk and uncertainty management process conducted in real time to bring value to the project manager. Strategies made from risk analysis are a basis upon which decision-making is based going forward. Objectives of the life cycle are the vessel for analysis. Ethical practices are important factors to put into consideration when taking up/ procuring a project (Ralf et al, 2014). There exists codes of conduct and these codes may vary depending on the government regulations from one country to another. These codes guide management of projects, operations and supervision of work, and the technical aspect of the project, which is building. Since the work done is of great importance, the designed code of conduct and ethical measures should be used as they set standards for the output as well as achieving business objectives with the community in regard (Haukur et al, 2011). Reflective assessment Group activities that included vast research and group projects were vital in broadening my understanding of the project management theory, which of great importance to establishing and undertaking successful projects. According to Turner (1993), scope management is what the project management theory regards. Scope management involves three fundamental issues; ensuring that an adequate amount of work has been done, avoiding doing any unnecessary work and ensuring that the work done fulfills the intended business purpose as stated. The recognition of the sequential state in which activities are undertaken helped us as a group in determining what had to be done at a particular time and by what particular persons as well as accounting for what had been spent on completed work in anticipation of costs that would be accrued in the next steps. I came to understand project management by likening it to production operations management. The crystallization of project management theory to oper ations management theories made it easy for us to recognize the resounding reliance on the transformational theory, which is production oriented. This is because project management involves injecting inputs on which transformational processes occur to bring the result, which is the output (Nell, 1998). Goals are set on the output, upon which a basis for control is placed: control systems are put in place to ensure activities align with achieving intended goals and putting improvement measures in place. This deep understanding of the theory has been enhanced mainly by the critical analysis and discourse that we have engaged ourselves with in the group to widen knowledge on the process. Relevant knowledge on management theories on planning, execution and control has expanded from these activities as well as project theories pertaining flow of production (which projects have been likened with) (Sulliman, 2014). These productions method include incorporating techniques such as lean prod uction and just in time (JIT) (Gilbereath, 1922). Ethical practices in governance for contemporary organizations are also a major factor for consideration (Ralf et al, 2014). Conclusively, exploration on the area of project management has instilled in me management skills, which are very critical in handling projects and managing every aspect in them including risk. References Allan, N., Davis, J., 2006. Strategic risks — thinking about them differently.Proceedings of ICE 159 Aritua B., Nigel J. 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